Friday, December 27, 2019
French Compound Tenses and Moods
Conjugations for the different French verb tenses and moods can be divided into two categories: simple and compound. Simple tenses and moods have only one part (e.g., je vais) whereas compound tenses and moods have two (je suis allà ©). This lesson will explain everything you need to know about the more complicated compound conjugations.But first, a chart: the simple tense or mood on the left is used to conjugate the auxiliary verb for the compound tense or mood on the right, as demonstrated with the verb avoir (to have). Simple Compound Present tu as (you have) Pass compos tu as eu (you have had) Imperfect tu avais (you were having) Pluperfect tu avais eu (you had had) Pass simple tu eus (you had) Past anterior tu eus eu (you had had) Future tu auras (you will have) Future perfect tu auras eu (you will have had) Conditional tu aurais (you would have) Conditional perfect tu aurais eu (you would have had) Subjunctive tu aies (you have) Past subjunctive tu aies eu (you had) Imperfect subjunctive tu eusses (you were having) Pluperfect subjunctive tu eusses eu (you had had) Imperative (tu) aie ([you] have) Past imperative (tu) aie eu ([you] have had) Present participle ayant (having) Perfect participle ayant eu (having had) Infinitive avoir (to have) Past infinitive avoir eu (to have had) Please note that I have provided (English translations) to give you an idea about the differences in meaning, but there may be other possibilities. For detailed information about each tense and mood, click the links to read the lesson. You might also find this lesson helpful: Translating French verbs into English. See other French verbs conjugated into all the tenses and moods: Simple Compound aller aller avoir avoir tre tre prendre prendre There are four things you need to know about French compound tenses and moods in order to conjugate and use them correctly. 1. Two-part conjugations Compound tenses/moods are always made up of two parts: the conjugated auxiliary verb (either avoir or à ªtre) and the past participle. French verbs are classified by their auxiliary verb, and use it for all compound moods/tenses. That is, avoir verbs use avoir in all of the compound tenses/moods, and à ªtre verbs use à ªtre in all the compound tenses/moods.In the chart on page 1, the tense/mood in the first column is the conjugation used for the auxiliary verb of the compound tense/mood listed in the second column.For example, aller is an à ªtre verb. So the present tense of à ªtre, Il est, is the conjugation used for the passà © composà © of aller: Il est allà ©Ã‚ (He went).Manger is an avoir verb. The future of avoir, Nous aurons, is the conjugation for the future perfect, Nous aurons mangà ©Ã‚ (We will have eaten). 2. Agreement There are two different types of agreement with compound tenses and moods, depending on whether youre dealing with à ªtre verbs or avoir verbs.Être verbs: In all compound tenses/moods, the past participle of à ªtre verbs has to agree with the subject of the sentence in gender and number.   Il est allà ©.   He went.   Elle à ©tait allà ©e.   She had gone.    Ils seront allà ©s.   They will have gone.   ...quelles soient allà ©es.   ...that they went.Avoir verbs: The past participle of avoir verbs that are preceded by a direct object must agree with the direct object*   Les livres que tu as commandà ©s sont ici.   The books that you ordered are here.   La pomme ? Je laurai mangà ©e.   The apple? I will have eaten it.    Mes sÅ“urs... vous les aviez vues ?   My sisters... had you seen them?*Except for ve rbs of perception and the causative.When the direct object follows the avoir verb, there is no agreement.   As-tu commandà © des livres ?   Did you order some books?   Jaurai mangà © la pomme.   I will have eaten the apple.    Aviez-vous vu mes sÅ“urs ?   Had you seen my sisters?There is no agreement with indirect objects.   Je leur ai parlà ©.   I talked to them.   Il nous a tà ©là ©phonà ©.   He called us.Learn more about agreement 3. Word order: Pronouns Object, reflexive, and adverbial pronouns always precede the auxiliary verb in compound tenses/moods:    Je te lai donnà ©.   I gave it to you.   Il lavait fait.   He had done it.    Nous y serons allà ©s.   We will have gone there. 4. Word order: Negation Negative structures almost always surround the auxiliary verb**    Je nai pas à ©tudià ©.   I didnt study.   Nous naurions jamais su.   We would have never known.**Exceptions:   a) In the past infinitive, both parts of the negation precede the auxiliary verb:       Jespà ¨re ne pas avoir perdu.      I hope I didnt lose.   b) Personne, aucun, and nulle part follow the past participle:      Je nai vu personne.      I didnt see anyone.      Je ne lai trouvà © nulle part.      I couldnt find it anywhere. 34. Word order with pronouns and negation When the sentence includes a pronoun and negation, the pronoun is placed in front of the auxiliary verb, and then the negative structure surrounds that pair:Subject  ne pronoun(s) auxiliary verb negative word past participle.   Nous ny serions jamais allà ©s.   We would never have gone there.   Je ne te lai pas donnà ©.   I didnt give it to you.For detailed information about the conjugations and uses of the individual compound tenses/moods, follow the links in the summary table on page 1. Other two-verb constructions In addition to compound conjugations (auxiliary verb past participle), French has other two-verb forms, what I call dual-verb constructions. These consist of a semi-auxiliary verb plus an infinitive, and the rules regarding agreement and word order are somewhat different - learn more. For more information about how all the different French tenses and moods fit together, take a look at our French verb timeline.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Terrorism A Comparison Of Al Shabaab And Boko Haram...
Terrorism: A comparison of Al shabaab and Boko Haram Terror Networks. Introduction Heightened attention is paid to terrorism since September 11, 2001 terror attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon by Al Qaeda terror network. The act of terror and terrorist groups however have existed for centuries. Terrorism as Ted Gur would explain is a tactic used by the weak to intimate the strong and by the strong to intimidate the weak (Gur in White, 2002, p.205). It is believed that when a group resorts to terror against its own citizens or another state, it is admittance that they do not have the power or strength to deal with the issue therefore results to use of violence, such as guerilla or unconventional warfare, to challenge the legitimacy or in Weber’s term legitimate, violence†(Couto 2010, P. 68). Irish Republican Army in the 1960s and 70s carried out various terrorist act in their demand for British withdrawal and unification of Ireland. They strategically attacked pubs, town centers and the Royal Ulster Constabulary. They also was involved i n international terrorism because they strategically carried out attacks in England. Likewise, Palestinian Liberation Organization whose aim was to liberate Palestinians through arm struggle carried out terrorist activities in Israel, and against Israelis in Munich Olympics (Cristie, 2011). Causes of Terrorism The root cause of terrorism is still a subject of debate across most spheres of study that deals with human
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Bean Trees free essay sample
Necessary Bonds Make no mistake; the world today is not an easy place to grow up in. Hatred, poverty, and violence affect everyone. However, these are not the only problems. Every day we are all faced with adversity, ranging from simple tasks, a math test, to seemingly impossible ones, such as moving on from the loss of a good friend or family member. We are challenged to be strong and overcome this diversity. Sometimes we feel hopeless, unable to believe in ourselves, and we come close to quitting. It is then that we need a friend, someone that can be there for us in our times of need to support and keep pushing us to maximize our potential. In The Bean Trees, Taylor is faced with multiple adversities, and struggles to overcome them when she finds herself alone. Through her novel, Kingsolver illustrates with character development and dialogues how Taylor must form solid bonds with others in order to combat the hopeless, cruel nature of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Bean Trees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While growing up in Kentucky, Taylor was faced with many conflicts that caused her to question her core beliefs, who she was, and who she truly aspired to be.All around her was failure, whether it was the overwhelming rate of female dropouts in her high school due to teen pregnancies, or the broken relationships that seemed to flood the town. This type of environment has the ability to break a person down mentally, and to most girls, it did. Taylor had to be courageous in order for her to battle the odds. On a certain occasion, Taylor was faced with a life-changing, unexpected, circumstance. She was working at a hospital, a job that her hero of a science teacher provided her with, when it happened.Two bodies were rolled into the room that she was serving in, one hot and one cold. They were the bodies of Newt and Jolene Hardbine, a well-known family in her town. Newt had been shot dead, and Jolene was almost killed as well. As you can imagine, Taylor was a wreck. When she sat down with Jolene to have a conversation with her and attempt to console her, she ended up asking the question, â€Å"Why Newt? †Jolene responded with, â€Å"Why not? My daddy’d been calling me a slut practically since I was thirteen, so why the hell not?Newt was just who it happened to be. You know the way it is. †(Kingsolver 9) This is the type of lifestyle that surrounded Taylor. Even Jolene’s own father had been calling her a slut ‘practically since (she) was thirteen. ’ Most girls were like Jolene. They dropped out of high school, and married early because that was the way it was. Taylor was not given high expectations, and if it were not for the way her mother raised her, she most likely would have been in the same sort of situation as Jolene. â€Å"There were two things about Mama. One is she always expected the best out of me, and the other is that then no matter what I did, whatever I came home with, she acted like it was the moon I had just hung up in the sky and plugged in all the stars. Like I was that good. †(10) Without this kind of support in her life, Taylor would have been a wreck. She needed a solid bond with her mother just to survive her life in Kentucky, a place that she had never really felt was right for her. Thankfully, the bond that her mom had provided her was enough for her to get by. She couldn’t have made it alone.Consequently, once Taylor left Kentucky, she faced a much larger problem: loneliness. Being on the road alone was not easy for her, especially once she was given a small child to take care of. In order to try and support herself and the child, Turtle, she got herself a job. She struggled with this too though. â€Å"After six days the Burger Derby manager Jerry Speller†¦said I didn’t have the right attitude, and I told him he was exactly right. †(67) As an inexperienced, broke parent, Taylor was in need of support. This came with a change of living arrangements. After searching for a roommate, Taylor met Lou Ann. Lou Ann was also a struggling mother who’s husband had deserted her to follow a different lifestyle. The two bonded right away, and were able to form a connection that neither had experienced before. â€Å"Within ten minutes Lou Ann and I were in the kitchen drinking diet Pepsi and splitting our gussets laughing about homeostasis and bean turds. †(72) By having one another, they realized that they could overcome any obstacle that they were faced with. For instance, when Taylor learns that she is not the legal guardian of Turtle and must give her up, she is devastated.She doesn’t know what to do and is on the verge of giving up all hope when Lou Ann questions her and pushes her to seriously consider her decision. â€Å" ‘Taylor, don’t. Just don’t. You’re acting like it’s a lost cause†¦ All I’m saying is there’s got to be some way around them taking her, and you’re not even trying to think of it. ’ ‘†¦Why should I think Turtle’s better off with me than in a state home†¦They wont let anything happen to her. ’ ‘Well, that’s sure a chickenshit thing to say. ’†(175) By arguing with her, Lou Ann makes Taylor question herself and what she truly wants and what she believes is best for the child.Though it may have created tension in their relationship at the time, that’s what a good friend does, look out for one another’s best interests even if they are blinded from it at the time. Without this relationship in her life, Taylor may have just rolled over and given up on everything she’d worked so hard to achieve with Turtle. She needed a bond with Lou Ann to beat the unexpected situation the world set in front of her. On the whole, Taylor realizes at the end how important her relationships are in her life.She understands that she cannot make it alone, and that it doesn’t mean she’s weak if she needs a little help here and there along the way. A biblical quotation states Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labour. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. ? Bible: Ecclesiastes. That’s what Taylor and Lou Ann were able to do for one another, have a mutual relationship in which they picked each other up when they fell, enabling them to battle the cruel and hopeless nature of the world.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Psychology Development Essays - Behaviorism, Psychological Theories
Psychology Development Psychology as a science has developed over a long period of time, literally centuries. During this period of time, man individuals have had an impact on the development of Psychology as a science. Select three individuals, describe in detail the contributions of the individuals, and discuss the significance of the person to the development of Psychology as a science. In this paper I am going to talk about three different individuals, and describe their contributions to Psychology. I am also going to talk about how there contributions had a significant effect on Psychology as a science. These three people are the three that I consider the most important people of Psychology. Psychology is an interesting science in which we need people to help explain why things are the way they are. Many people make an attempt to explore this science , but it takes dedication to actually get something out of it.( Themes ). One of the three people I consider a big impact on Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. Known as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. Wundt founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific method of experimentation. Structuralism attempted to discover the nature of consciousness into separate parts, and to ultimately discover the structure of consciousness. Wundt held the first academic course in psychology in 1862, and he set up the first experimental laboratory where he conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. Wundt help people to be able to break things down into groups for what he thought easier management . Wundt significance was that he was the first person to actually introduce the subject of psychology to others and get them involved ( uidaho.edu ). Another great Physiologist is Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in central Russia. His parents wanted him to be a priest , but he soon found that he cared more for scientific pursuits. He then began to study chemistry and physiology and soon began to research topics that interested him the most: digestion and blood circulation. His work became well known , and he was appointed professor of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. The work that made Pavlov a household name in psychology actually began as a study in digestion. He began looking at the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation. He soon after doing much studying relized that the reason for dogs salivating was the excitement of getting food. In his study of the he used different types of conditioning seeing different points when the dog salivates. His over all theory is that the dogs salivates because of the expectation of food becoming present .Pavlov signigicance to psychology is that something such as dog salivating and no one understood why or much less even thought about it, but Pavlov wondered why and found and answer ( uidaho.edu). The third person that I will discuss in this paper is B. F. Skinner. Skinner went to Harvard to study psychology since he had always enjoyed observing animal and human behavior. Skinner found himself more and more a behaviorist. He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioral studies of rats. He then decided to design boxes to automatically reward behavior, such as depressing lever, pushing a button, and so on. He then had an interest in pigeons, he developed the ideas of operant conditioning and shaping behavior. Unlike Pavlov`s classical conditioning where an existing behavior is shaped by association it with a new stimulus. Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behavior or random act that approaches the desired behavior. Skinner`s over all believe is that someone with an empty system can be anything at that point and time only ( Themes ). Skinner`s significance to psychology was that he helped people understand that he can get someone or something to do anything by using types of conditioning. All three of these people had a big impact on psychology. All of them had a desire to learn and a passion for the science as a whole. This paper talk about how Wilhelm Wundt that of things as Structurlism as he broke it down. It also talks about B.F. Skinner who believed he could take anything with a completely empty system and make it into anything he wanted to. This paper also talked about Ivan Pavlov and how he came interested in dogs, and why they salivate.
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