Friday, December 27, 2019
French Compound Tenses and Moods
Conjugations for the different French verb tenses and moods can be divided into two categories: simple and compound. Simple tenses and moods have only one part (e.g., je vais) whereas compound tenses and moods have two (je suis allà ©). This lesson will explain everything you need to know about the more complicated compound conjugations.But first, a chart: the simple tense or mood on the left is used to conjugate the auxiliary verb for the compound tense or mood on the right, as demonstrated with the verb avoir (to have). Simple Compound Present tu as (you have) Pass compos tu as eu (you have had) Imperfect tu avais (you were having) Pluperfect tu avais eu (you had had) Pass simple tu eus (you had) Past anterior tu eus eu (you had had) Future tu auras (you will have) Future perfect tu auras eu (you will have had) Conditional tu aurais (you would have) Conditional perfect tu aurais eu (you would have had) Subjunctive tu aies (you have) Past subjunctive tu aies eu (you had) Imperfect subjunctive tu eusses (you were having) Pluperfect subjunctive tu eusses eu (you had had) Imperative (tu) aie ([you] have) Past imperative (tu) aie eu ([you] have had) Present participle ayant (having) Perfect participle ayant eu (having had) Infinitive avoir (to have) Past infinitive avoir eu (to have had) Please note that I have provided (English translations) to give you an idea about the differences in meaning, but there may be other possibilities. For detailed information about each tense and mood, click the links to read the lesson. You might also find this lesson helpful: Translating French verbs into English. See other French verbs conjugated into all the tenses and moods: Simple Compound aller aller avoir avoir tre tre prendre prendre There are four things you need to know about French compound tenses and moods in order to conjugate and use them correctly. 1. Two-part conjugations Compound tenses/moods are always made up of two parts: the conjugated auxiliary verb (either avoir or à ªtre) and the past participle. French verbs are classified by their auxiliary verb, and use it for all compound moods/tenses. That is, avoir verbs use avoir in all of the compound tenses/moods, and à ªtre verbs use à ªtre in all the compound tenses/moods.In the chart on page 1, the tense/mood in the first column is the conjugation used for the auxiliary verb of the compound tense/mood listed in the second column.For example, aller is an à ªtre verb. So the present tense of à ªtre, Il est, is the conjugation used for the passà © composà © of aller: Il est allà ©Ã‚ (He went).Manger is an avoir verb. The future of avoir, Nous aurons, is the conjugation for the future perfect, Nous aurons mangà ©Ã‚ (We will have eaten). 2. Agreement There are two different types of agreement with compound tenses and moods, depending on whether youre dealing with à ªtre verbs or avoir verbs.Être verbs: In all compound tenses/moods, the past participle of à ªtre verbs has to agree with the subject of the sentence in gender and number.   Il est allà ©.   He went.   Elle à ©tait allà ©e.   She had gone.    Ils seront allà ©s.   They will have gone.   ...quelles soient allà ©es.   ...that they went.Avoir verbs: The past participle of avoir verbs that are preceded by a direct object must agree with the direct object*   Les livres que tu as commandà ©s sont ici.   The books that you ordered are here.   La pomme ? Je laurai mangà ©e.   The apple? I will have eaten it.    Mes sÅ“urs... vous les aviez vues ?   My sisters... had you seen them?*Except for ve rbs of perception and the causative.When the direct object follows the avoir verb, there is no agreement.   As-tu commandà © des livres ?   Did you order some books?   Jaurai mangà © la pomme.   I will have eaten the apple.    Aviez-vous vu mes sÅ“urs ?   Had you seen my sisters?There is no agreement with indirect objects.   Je leur ai parlà ©.   I talked to them.   Il nous a tà ©là ©phonà ©.   He called us.Learn more about agreement 3. Word order: Pronouns Object, reflexive, and adverbial pronouns always precede the auxiliary verb in compound tenses/moods:    Je te lai donnà ©.   I gave it to you.   Il lavait fait.   He had done it.    Nous y serons allà ©s.   We will have gone there. 4. Word order: Negation Negative structures almost always surround the auxiliary verb**    Je nai pas à ©tudià ©.   I didnt study.   Nous naurions jamais su.   We would have never known.**Exceptions:   a) In the past infinitive, both parts of the negation precede the auxiliary verb:       Jespà ¨re ne pas avoir perdu.      I hope I didnt lose.   b) Personne, aucun, and nulle part follow the past participle:      Je nai vu personne.      I didnt see anyone.      Je ne lai trouvà © nulle part.      I couldnt find it anywhere. 34. Word order with pronouns and negation When the sentence includes a pronoun and negation, the pronoun is placed in front of the auxiliary verb, and then the negative structure surrounds that pair:Subject  ne pronoun(s) auxiliary verb negative word past participle.   Nous ny serions jamais allà ©s.   We would never have gone there.   Je ne te lai pas donnà ©.   I didnt give it to you.For detailed information about the conjugations and uses of the individual compound tenses/moods, follow the links in the summary table on page 1. Other two-verb constructions In addition to compound conjugations (auxiliary verb past participle), French has other two-verb forms, what I call dual-verb constructions. These consist of a semi-auxiliary verb plus an infinitive, and the rules regarding agreement and word order are somewhat different - learn more. For more information about how all the different French tenses and moods fit together, take a look at our French verb timeline.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Terrorism A Comparison Of Al Shabaab And Boko Haram...
Terrorism: A comparison of Al shabaab and Boko Haram Terror Networks. Introduction Heightened attention is paid to terrorism since September 11, 2001 terror attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon by Al Qaeda terror network. The act of terror and terrorist groups however have existed for centuries. Terrorism as Ted Gur would explain is a tactic used by the weak to intimate the strong and by the strong to intimidate the weak (Gur in White, 2002, p.205). It is believed that when a group resorts to terror against its own citizens or another state, it is admittance that they do not have the power or strength to deal with the issue therefore results to use of violence, such as guerilla or unconventional warfare, to challenge the legitimacy or in Weber’s term legitimate, violence†(Couto 2010, P. 68). Irish Republican Army in the 1960s and 70s carried out various terrorist act in their demand for British withdrawal and unification of Ireland. They strategically attacked pubs, town centers and the Royal Ulster Constabulary. They also was involved i n international terrorism because they strategically carried out attacks in England. Likewise, Palestinian Liberation Organization whose aim was to liberate Palestinians through arm struggle carried out terrorist activities in Israel, and against Israelis in Munich Olympics (Cristie, 2011). Causes of Terrorism The root cause of terrorism is still a subject of debate across most spheres of study that deals with human
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Bean Trees free essay sample
Necessary Bonds Make no mistake; the world today is not an easy place to grow up in. Hatred, poverty, and violence affect everyone. However, these are not the only problems. Every day we are all faced with adversity, ranging from simple tasks, a math test, to seemingly impossible ones, such as moving on from the loss of a good friend or family member. We are challenged to be strong and overcome this diversity. Sometimes we feel hopeless, unable to believe in ourselves, and we come close to quitting. It is then that we need a friend, someone that can be there for us in our times of need to support and keep pushing us to maximize our potential. In The Bean Trees, Taylor is faced with multiple adversities, and struggles to overcome them when she finds herself alone. Through her novel, Kingsolver illustrates with character development and dialogues how Taylor must form solid bonds with others in order to combat the hopeless, cruel nature of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Bean Trees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While growing up in Kentucky, Taylor was faced with many conflicts that caused her to question her core beliefs, who she was, and who she truly aspired to be.All around her was failure, whether it was the overwhelming rate of female dropouts in her high school due to teen pregnancies, or the broken relationships that seemed to flood the town. This type of environment has the ability to break a person down mentally, and to most girls, it did. Taylor had to be courageous in order for her to battle the odds. On a certain occasion, Taylor was faced with a life-changing, unexpected, circumstance. She was working at a hospital, a job that her hero of a science teacher provided her with, when it happened.Two bodies were rolled into the room that she was serving in, one hot and one cold. They were the bodies of Newt and Jolene Hardbine, a well-known family in her town. Newt had been shot dead, and Jolene was almost killed as well. As you can imagine, Taylor was a wreck. When she sat down with Jolene to have a conversation with her and attempt to console her, she ended up asking the question, â€Å"Why Newt? †Jolene responded with, â€Å"Why not? My daddy’d been calling me a slut practically since I was thirteen, so why the hell not?Newt was just who it happened to be. You know the way it is. †(Kingsolver 9) This is the type of lifestyle that surrounded Taylor. Even Jolene’s own father had been calling her a slut ‘practically since (she) was thirteen. ’ Most girls were like Jolene. They dropped out of high school, and married early because that was the way it was. Taylor was not given high expectations, and if it were not for the way her mother raised her, she most likely would have been in the same sort of situation as Jolene. â€Å"There were two things about Mama. One is she always expected the best out of me, and the other is that then no matter what I did, whatever I came home with, she acted like it was the moon I had just hung up in the sky and plugged in all the stars. Like I was that good. †(10) Without this kind of support in her life, Taylor would have been a wreck. She needed a solid bond with her mother just to survive her life in Kentucky, a place that she had never really felt was right for her. Thankfully, the bond that her mom had provided her was enough for her to get by. She couldn’t have made it alone.Consequently, once Taylor left Kentucky, she faced a much larger problem: loneliness. Being on the road alone was not easy for her, especially once she was given a small child to take care of. In order to try and support herself and the child, Turtle, she got herself a job. She struggled with this too though. â€Å"After six days the Burger Derby manager Jerry Speller†¦said I didn’t have the right attitude, and I told him he was exactly right. †(67) As an inexperienced, broke parent, Taylor was in need of support. This came with a change of living arrangements. After searching for a roommate, Taylor met Lou Ann. Lou Ann was also a struggling mother who’s husband had deserted her to follow a different lifestyle. The two bonded right away, and were able to form a connection that neither had experienced before. â€Å"Within ten minutes Lou Ann and I were in the kitchen drinking diet Pepsi and splitting our gussets laughing about homeostasis and bean turds. †(72) By having one another, they realized that they could overcome any obstacle that they were faced with. For instance, when Taylor learns that she is not the legal guardian of Turtle and must give her up, she is devastated.She doesn’t know what to do and is on the verge of giving up all hope when Lou Ann questions her and pushes her to seriously consider her decision. â€Å" ‘Taylor, don’t. Just don’t. You’re acting like it’s a lost cause†¦ All I’m saying is there’s got to be some way around them taking her, and you’re not even trying to think of it. ’ ‘†¦Why should I think Turtle’s better off with me than in a state home†¦They wont let anything happen to her. ’ ‘Well, that’s sure a chickenshit thing to say. ’†(175) By arguing with her, Lou Ann makes Taylor question herself and what she truly wants and what she believes is best for the child.Though it may have created tension in their relationship at the time, that’s what a good friend does, look out for one another’s best interests even if they are blinded from it at the time. Without this relationship in her life, Taylor may have just rolled over and given up on everything she’d worked so hard to achieve with Turtle. She needed a bond with Lou Ann to beat the unexpected situation the world set in front of her. On the whole, Taylor realizes at the end how important her relationships are in her life.She understands that she cannot make it alone, and that it doesn’t mean she’s weak if she needs a little help here and there along the way. A biblical quotation states Two are better than one; because they have a good reward for their labour. For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow: but woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not another to help him up. ? Bible: Ecclesiastes. That’s what Taylor and Lou Ann were able to do for one another, have a mutual relationship in which they picked each other up when they fell, enabling them to battle the cruel and hopeless nature of the world.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Psychology Development Essays - Behaviorism, Psychological Theories
Psychology Development Psychology as a science has developed over a long period of time, literally centuries. During this period of time, man individuals have had an impact on the development of Psychology as a science. Select three individuals, describe in detail the contributions of the individuals, and discuss the significance of the person to the development of Psychology as a science. In this paper I am going to talk about three different individuals, and describe their contributions to Psychology. I am also going to talk about how there contributions had a significant effect on Psychology as a science. These three people are the three that I consider the most important people of Psychology. Psychology is an interesting science in which we need people to help explain why things are the way they are. Many people make an attempt to explore this science , but it takes dedication to actually get something out of it.( Themes ). One of the three people I consider a big impact on Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. Known as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. Wundt founded the school of Structuralism. This concept evolved out of the mechanistic nature of the Industrial Revolution and the Scientific method of experimentation. Structuralism attempted to discover the nature of consciousness into separate parts, and to ultimately discover the structure of consciousness. Wundt held the first academic course in psychology in 1862, and he set up the first experimental laboratory where he conducted a series of experiments to determine the dimensions of feeling and perception. Wundt help people to be able to break things down into groups for what he thought easier management . Wundt significance was that he was the first person to actually introduce the subject of psychology to others and get them involved ( uidaho.edu ). Another great Physiologist is Ivan Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in central Russia. His parents wanted him to be a priest , but he soon found that he cared more for scientific pursuits. He then began to study chemistry and physiology and soon began to research topics that interested him the most: digestion and blood circulation. His work became well known , and he was appointed professor of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. The work that made Pavlov a household name in psychology actually began as a study in digestion. He began looking at the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation. He soon after doing much studying relized that the reason for dogs salivating was the excitement of getting food. In his study of the he used different types of conditioning seeing different points when the dog salivates. His over all theory is that the dogs salivates because of the expectation of food becoming present .Pavlov signigicance to psychology is that something such as dog salivating and no one understood why or much less even thought about it, but Pavlov wondered why and found and answer ( uidaho.edu). The third person that I will discuss in this paper is B. F. Skinner. Skinner went to Harvard to study psychology since he had always enjoyed observing animal and human behavior. Skinner found himself more and more a behaviorist. He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioral studies of rats. He then decided to design boxes to automatically reward behavior, such as depressing lever, pushing a button, and so on. He then had an interest in pigeons, he developed the ideas of operant conditioning and shaping behavior. Unlike Pavlov`s classical conditioning where an existing behavior is shaped by association it with a new stimulus. Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behavior or random act that approaches the desired behavior. Skinner`s over all believe is that someone with an empty system can be anything at that point and time only ( Themes ). Skinner`s significance to psychology was that he helped people understand that he can get someone or something to do anything by using types of conditioning. All three of these people had a big impact on psychology. All of them had a desire to learn and a passion for the science as a whole. This paper talk about how Wilhelm Wundt that of things as Structurlism as he broke it down. It also talks about B.F. Skinner who believed he could take anything with a completely empty system and make it into anything he wanted to. This paper also talked about Ivan Pavlov and how he came interested in dogs, and why they salivate.
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Antony And Cleopatra Essays - Cultural Depictions Of Cleopatra
Antony And Cleopatra Essays - Cultural Depictions Of Cleopatra Antony and Cleopatra In Shakespeare's tragedy/history/Roman play Antony and Cleopatra, we are told the story of two passionate and power-hungry lovers. In the first two Acts of the play we are introduced to some of the problems and dilemmas facing the couple (such as the fact that they are entwined in an adulterous relationship, and that both of them are forced to show their devotion to Caesar). Along with being introduced to Antony and Cleopatra's strange love affair, we are introduced to some interesting secondary characters. One of these characters is Enobarbus. Enobarbus is a high-ranking soldier in Antony's army who it seems is very close to his commander. We know this by the way Enobarbus is permitted to speak freely (at least in private) with Antony, and often is used as a person to whom Antony confides in. We see Antony confiding in Enobarbus in Act I, Scene ii, as Antony explains how Cleopatra is "cunning past man's thought" (I.ii.146). In reply to this Enobarbus speaks very freely of his view of Cleopatra, even if what he says is very positive: ...her passions are made of nothing but the finest part of pure love. We cannot call her winds and waters sighs and tears; they are greater storms and tempests than almanacs can report. This cannot be cunning in her; if it be she makes a shower of rain as well as Jove. (I, ii, 147-152) After Antony reveals that he has just heard news of his wife's death, we are once again offered an example of Enobarbus' freedom to speak his mind, in that he tells Antony to "give the gods a thankful sacrifice" (I.ii.162), essentially saying that Fulvia's death is a good thing. Obviously, someone would never say something like this unless they were in very close company. While acting as a friend and promoter of Antony, Enobarbus lets the audience in on some of the myth and legend surrounding Cleopatra. Probably his biggest role in the play is to exaggerate Anthony and Cleopatra's relationship. Which he does so well in the following statements: When she first met Mark Antony, she pursed up his heart, upon the river of Cydnus. (II.ii.188-189) The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water: the poop was beaten gold; Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were lovesick with them; the oars were silver, (II.ii.193-197) And, for his ordinary, pays his heart For what his eyes eat only. (II.ii.227-228) Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety.... (II.ii.237-238) In these passages, Enobarbus turns Antony's and Cleopatra's meeting into a fairy tale and leads the audience into believing the two are inseparable. His speeches in Act II are absolutely vital to the play in that this is what Shakespeare wants the audience to view Antony and Cleopatra. Also, in these passages, Cleopatra is described as irresistible and beautiful beyond belief another view that is necessary for us to believe in order to buy the fact that a man with so much to lose would be willing to risk it all in order to win her love. Quite possibly, these passages may hint that Enobarbus is himself in love with Cleopatra. After all, it would be hard to come up with such flowery language if a person were not inspired. Enobarbus may be lamenting his own passions vicariously through the eyes of Antony. This would be convenient in questioning Enobarbus' loyalty, which becomes very important later on in the play (considering he kills himself over grief from fearing he betrayed his leader). The loyalty of Enobarbus is indeed questionable. Even though we never hear him utter a single disparaging remark against Antony, he does admit to Menas that he "will praise any man that will praise me" (II.iii.88), suggesting that his honor and loyalty may just be simple brown-nosing. Shakespeare probably fashioned Enobarbus as a means of relaying information to the audience that would otherwise be difficult or awkward to bring forth from other characters (such as Cleopatra's beauty and the story of her betrayal of Caesar), but he also uses him as way to inject some levity and humor in the play, showing the characters eagerness to have a good time. Evidence of this comes in Enobarbus' affinity for drunkenness. In both Act I and Act
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Conserving Economic Theories essays
Conserving Economic Theories essays Before the Industrial Revolution, we would export our raw goods to other countries. Then they were made into manufactured goods and shipped back to us where we had to pay a high fee for them. Now that the Industrial Revolution is starting we have many factories and industries. These factories can now turn our raw goods into useful manufactured materials. The growth of these factories and industries are the start of the Industrial Revolution. They are bringing a lot of money to the American economy which making many people rich. There are many different views on what the rich should do with their money. The conservative economic theories included laissez-faire, Social Darwinism, and The Gospel of Wealth (AMSCO p.339). Adam Smith came up with the idea of laissez-faire when he wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Smith, Adam). Since he wrote this before the Industrial Revolution, his ideas never really caught on until now. According to the theory of laissez-faire, the government wouldnt be as involved in the economy. Adam Smith believed that this would help the economy by introducing competition which would improve the goods and services and lower the prices (AMSCO p.339). He was completely against monopolies and mercantilist ideas because he believed that they worked against his whole laissez-faire idea. He did believe that there should be restrictions on free trade and the government should get involved in the economy to reduce poverty and government regulations to support the workers (Smith, Adam). Social Darwinism was the idea of survival of the fittest. Herbert Spencer was the most influential Social Darwinist. He believed that money went to the most fit, which was most beneficial to society (AMSCO p.339). Many of the wealthy people started out poor and worked their way up. Social Darwinists believed that those who rem...
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Summarize Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1
Summarize - Research Paper Example The service provided by the company is still unique but over the years it has received significant popularity in the cities in which the company operates. The car sharing service provided by the company is economically feasible and the rationale behind the service is also encouraged by the environmentalists and the users alike. According to a survey conducted in the year 2006, it was found out that one-third of the users of the company either sold out their vehicle or gave up the idea of acquiring their own vehicle. In this manner the company met its objective of reducing the number of car owners. One of the objectives of the company is to reduce the amount of pollution that results from harmful emissions from car use. By providing a vehicle to a subscriber for a limited period of time, the company succeeds in its objective of discouraging prolonged usage of cars. In this way harmful emissions can be reduced and the overall pollution in the environment can be slowed down. The company provides the car sharing service in the following manner. The subscriber is required to reserve a vehicle at a specified station of the company either in person or by making a call. The subscriber is also required to specify the time when the car would be needed.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
In sociology, why do we think of the work of Karl Marx as 'conflict Essay
In sociology, why do we think of the work of Karl Marx as 'conflict theory' - Essay Example However, this was first presented as an official theory by Karl Marxâ€â€who laid the groundwork for a number of social movements that would redefine history. From a sociological standpoint, what is meant when Karl Marx’s theory is referred to as a â€Å"conflict theory†? Usually, when one thinks of Karl Marx, he automatically conjures up thoughts of conflict theory. Why is this so? The reason is thatâ€â€in some circlesâ€â€Marx is thought to be â€Å"†¦the founder of conflict theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Henslin, 2007, pp. 28). Social conflict theory, is, in a nutshell, that in society, there are the rich and the poorâ€â€and that the rich are the powerful who usurp many of the resources and exploit the poor in order to gain more wealth. Marx’s theory was a wake-up call to the masses. For Marx, capitalism did not mean progress; rather, it was a scourge on the conscience of modern man, a man who was detached from the community and the communal struggl es surrounding him. Marx â€Å"†¦often saw social conflict as rooted in private ownership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Bartos and Wehr, 2002, pp. 40). The difference between the haves and the have-nots has always been a pressing social issue, becoming even more so when capitalism was the governing system. This is the kind of dominance that social theory rails against. Marx’s main idea was that the community should struggle together. The community should suffer together. ... Communist ideology gained popularity throughout the Cold War. Vladimir Lenin adopted the ideology as his own strategy to not only have the people contribute to the estate communally, but also to empower the economy of the Russian state. â€Å"Leninism was presented as the correct theory and practice of Marxism and as the theory of scientific communism, incorporating the dictatorship of the proletariat†¦Marx’s critique[s] were also reformulated as societal laws of development that fed into the study of class relations [and] production†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Lowes, 2006, pp. 158). The notion that the working class was the one in control was the main staple of Communism. The people were the ones in control. â€Å"The working class had to ‘conquer’ its freedom under the flag of the Communist party†(Weitz, 1997, pp. 250). People did not own any possessions. No religious expression was allowed, and very strict laws of ethics were followed. Communism was an experim ent that failedâ€â€badly. Mann (2002) states, â€Å"Communist governments  many of them led by men trained in Moscow  are in command of nations ruling almost 800 million people†(pp. 115). There are still Communist countries existing today. â€Å"There remain at least some common features among the five remaining Communist statesâ€â€China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnamâ€â€although the differences between, for example, China and North Korea are enormous†(Brown, 2009, pp. 3). Many of the people in these countries subsist in squalor and have little economic or collective bargaining power. This is where socialism becomes an alternative option. Even though people may not like the idea of a Communist government, socialism
Sunday, November 17, 2019
The Science and Culture of the Sea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Science and Culture of the Sea - Assignment Example Nowadays, most people are not as afraid of seafaring as they might have been in the mid-19th century. Without the aid of deep underwater equipment and scuba diving, there was really no wayâ€â€back thenâ€â€to know exactly what the deep dark sea did consist of exactly. This scared many people away from the water. However, there were a certain brave few who weathered the elements because they were so curious as to how the sea operated, even though the sea was considered a strange animal. There were â€Å"strange forms in the water†¦[and] sea-ravens†¦therefore fit roosting-place for their homeless selves. And heaved and heaved still unrestingly heaved the black sea, as if its vast tides were a conscience; and the great mundane soul was in anguish and remorse for the long sin and suffering it had bred.†1 Additionally, over timeâ€â€but especially in Melville’s bookâ€â€a case has been made that there is something very sacred about the sea which perhaps, he writesâ€â€lives within all of us. â€Å"Consider, once more, the universal cannibalism of the sea; all whose creatures prey upon each other, carrying on eternal war since the world began. Consider all this; and then turn to this green, gentle, and most docile earth; consider them both, the sea and the land, and do you not find a strange analogy to something in yourself?†2 Melville makes us attempt to draw a comparison between the sea and land and our respective souls. Where is it dry? What does the stability of land provide, and what do we give up when we go out to sea? In exchange for a salty, untamed coexistence, the sea beckons even as it threatens to revolt against its seafarers. Yes, it is the sea, that most wild of all natural elements, that nurtures, destroys. It is this sea inside (the mind) which Melville seeks to draw out, as he continues to dazzle readers with his linguistically rich and metaphorical prose. III. Deductions About Accurate and Inaccu rate Science in Moby Dick (450 words) Of course, water cannot be like air, which is apparent to everyone except the speaker here, even if only in jest, when he says, â€Å"Methinks that in looking at things spiritual, we are too much like oysters observing the sun through the water, and thinking that thick water the thinnest of air. Methinks my body is but the lees of my better being. In fact, take my body who will take it I say, it is not me.†3 These are not the only examples of historically scientific referencesâ€â€most of which were indeed accurate.
Friday, November 15, 2019
A Case Study On Computer Viruses Information Technology Essay
A Case Study On Computer Viruses Information Technology Essay In this project we have been asked to consider and discuss the different aspects of the above statement. We have asked to create a case study of an organization to help with our case and we have chosen for our case study to look at North Lanarkshire Council. The case study will be a report based on 2 interviews and a short look at the council and its history and what services it offers. There will also be a critical review arguing as to the rights and wrongs of the statement and finally a conclusion in which we will be a brief summary of what we have discovered during the report. Before we can begin to discuss the statement, we should take a quick look at exactly what a computer virus and phishing are and also take a quick look at their history. The computer virus was so named as it has similar properties as a human virus in the way they can pass form computer to computer and in that they need a host to survive. The first viruses were created during the 1980s, although there programs that worked on the same principle created maybe as early as the late 1960s. The first program of this type to appear on a computer other than the one it was written for was called Elk Cloner and was written by Rich Skrenta in 1982 and surprisingly was written to attack the Apple operating system as today viruses are very rarely written with Apple in mind. The most common virus of that period was written to infect PCs and was called the Brain and was written by two brothers Basit and Amjad Farooq Alvi in 1986. Both these virus were spread by floppy disks and since then the virus concept has grown and become more sophisticated. (antiviruswear.com, 2010) There are 3 main types of common virus today Worms Trojan Horse Email Virus A worm uses security flaws and computer networks to replicate itself. They can be very complex programs and once on an infected machine, will search for other flows to exploit. A Trojan Horse, named after the famous wooden horse in Homers Iliad. The virus disguises as itself as another file, e.g. a sound file with a .wav extension and once on the host computer does not reproduce but will make the host computer susceptible to attack by third parties by opening ports and can be a major threat to the users personal data. Am email virus once opened on an infected machine will send copies of itself to everyone on the email clients contacts list. They payload can also include Worms and Trojan Horses. (spamlaws.com, 2009)The term Phishing appears to have been first coined in 1996 and was applied to hackers who were stealing AOL passwords. It is now a broader term applied to a form of social engineering where the angler (phisher) throws a hook by maybe sending an spam email pretending to be from the recipients bank stating there has been a breach of security and asking for the customer to enter their password and user name on a website that is linked to on the email. This website may look like the persons online banking website but is a fake set up to steal the user names and passwords and allow the phishers to then gain access to the persons bank account details and transfer monies to other accounts. (allspammedup) Review For-end user protection Software-every user should have security software installed on their computer the software will help protect your computer from viruses, worms and other harmful programs. You should scan your computer on a regular basis and also update your operating system. anti virus anti spyware anti malware firewall botnet Antivirus you must update regularly to benefit for the latest threats. A computer virus is a computer program with the intent of copying itself and contaminating a computer. Viruses can boost their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a group of networks or a file structure that is accessed by another computer. You need antivirus software to prevent, detect and remove viruses from your computer. There are quite a lot of different types of viruses like worms and Trojan horse.Millions of computer users suffered billion of dollars in losses from real attack experienced over the internet. Most of the damages were caused by fast moving computer viruses and worms that travelled by email (Simson, 2002) Antispyware- Spyware is a sort of malware that can be setup on computers and gather small pieces of information over time and the users has no awareness that it is there. The existence of spyware is usually concealed from the consumer, and it can be hard to notice. Normally, spyware is secretly installed on the consumers own computer. Now and then spywares is like a key logger and is installed by the vendor of a joint, company, or public computer with the intention to secretly watch other users. Anti malware- A computer worm is a self reproducing malware computer program. It makes a computer network send duplicates of itself to computers that are on the same network and it will do it with no user intervention. This is due to weak security on the computer. Firewall-A firewall is to prevent unauthorized access to or from a network. Firewalls can also be implemented in both hardware and software they prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing a private network. All messages leaving the intranet pass through the firewall. Botnet- Once a solitary machine inside a network has become part of the botnet it will put other computers on the same network at risk. The infected computer is able to read emails and email addresses and copying files and also able to record keystrokes and send spam as well as capturing screen shots. Phishing- You could be sent an e-mail wrongly claiming to be a recognized genuine company in an attempt to scam the user into giving away their private information that will then be used for identity theft. The email will guide the user to visit a web site where they are asked to input their personal information, like your credit card details, passwords and bank account numbers. The website is a phony website and is only set up to steal the users information. Access- Its up to the end user if they want people accessing data so their privacy is in their hands, it is up to the user who they allow access to their computer. They should only allow people they trust to protect their computer with any personal information that is received or collected. Your personal information is under your control your privacy is your property so be aware of what information you store on your computer. Naivety is not an excuse, attackers will take advantage of a computers vulnerability. Legitimate companies will not ask for personal information in an email. Hardware like your router use password protection to constantly secure your wireless connection and will only allow named computers that you know access to the network. Awareness-Every user should be aware of the threats that is out there and what they can do. They should be aware of the different types of viruses and spyware and of what phishing is and what the stakes are. There is your privacy, time, money and your computer. Credit card fraud is on the increase and identity theft also. Your children are exposed to pornographic material and can be targeted by pedophiles. You also need to be aware of shopping when using your credit card most magstripe cards conform to ISO standard that the card contains three tracks of data referred to as track 1,2,3 the majority of magstripe cards contains no security measures to protect the data stored on the card (Stuart, 2009) Education-Most people are not aware of installing software to stop viruses, they have never been taught that your computer needs to be maintained and that there are viruses and worms they dont know of and the damage they can cause. You would not leave your home without locking your door so why leave a personal computer without protecting it. New users and children should be educated before being allowed access to a computer. Naivety is a weapon used by malware and phishers and children and teens are targeted, parents should take steps as well, there is a parental control that will help block websites and file downloads. Computer virus traps over 2,000 tourists on Russia-chinese border Over 2,000 Russian tourists were stranded in the Chinese town of Heihe on the Russian-Chinese border after a computer virus paralyzed the borders electronic pass entry system (Alexey, 2010) Internet service providers are facing an ever increasing amount of pressure to make sure their networks are virus and phishing free-not only would this be advantageous to their customers, but also very beneficial for the internet in general. Against-end user protection With the escalation of zombie-fed threats like phishing, securing the consumers PCs should no longer be down to the user themselves, the internet service providers should in this day and age be protecting the Internet traffic they are providing. ISPs should be taking more responsibility to monitor what is passing through their networks more closely. A zombie computer is a PC that has been secretly hacked, this then allows an outside person to control the computer with the intentions to infect, copy, corrupt and for erasing the hard drive. The hacker can then install tools that will store everything that is typed into the PC, this includes passwords, usernames and credit card and bank account details. Once this information is in the hands of the hackers it can be used for identity theft, committing fraud or sold on to the highest bidder. Related topics There has been a huge rise in cases that involve malicious code, also referred to as bot code that infects computers turning them into zombies, from April to June this year the number of reported cases have quadrupled to 13000. ISPs have been doing somethings to combat the threats of bot code by providing customers with online help on how to keep their PCs secure and some apply spam and virus filters for email as bot code is quite often spread through instant message worms, email and also through Trojans hidden in spam. The ISPs should however be offering a greater protection against these infestations than by just trying to control the threats from e-mail. Getting filtering to work effectively and properly takes a vast amount of time, patience, resources and money. Because the people writing the malware get better and better on a constant basis, it is a never ending struggle to keep up to pace with them so that filtering works. Some Internet service providers are using a technique called port 25 blocking to halt zombie computers that are connecting through their network sending out junk emails, this allows only emails that comes from its own server to be sent out, and this then helps eliminates spam that originates from another server. But those steps dont appear to be enough to tackle the threat of zombies, according to some experts. To take down zombies, ISPs should monitor their networks closer for traffic generated by the compromised PCs, said Dmitri Alperovitch, research engineer at CipherTrust, a security vendor in Alpharetta, USA.ISPs allow these machines to communicate with the rest of the world. They have the power to do a lot about the zombie threat, and they should be doing a lot about it Alperovitch said.A start for Internet companies would be for them to participate more actively in security groups and to use data on zombies collected by third-party security companies such as CipherTrust, he said. ISPs should monitor their networks more closely for anything suspicious, the ISPs should also be improving customer education and possibly even providing their customers with Anti-virus, Anti-spyware and firewalls for their own machines. If the ISPs were to provide customers with all the necessary software to protect themselves then there should no longer be any problems, as long as the customer uses the protection. Maybe the ISPs should enter in their contracts with customers that they will provide the software and if the customer chooses not to use it or take other preventative measures their internet connection will be cut off. If the ISPs were to do their part in helping to protect their customers then naivety in people using the internet should not be an excuse in this day and age, there has been enough cyber crime and virus and it has also been about long enough now that it is no longer excusable for people not to be protecting themselves while surfing the net. There are danger s in most things we do in life and we are expected to take preventative measures, if we go out for a walk we put shoes on to protect our feet, if we go out for a drive we put our seatbelt on and if we surf the net we should also protect ourselves in advance. We are not allowed to drive a car on the road if it is not roadworthy so maybe we should not be allowed to surf the net if our computer is not properly equipped. Although customers can be encouraged to keep their PCs clean with the threat of disconnection, the pressure should be on the ISPS to take more responsibility to tackle any threats coming through their network. With the amount of threats on the increase, ISPs should be taking a more hands on approach, as the hands-off method has been proven not to work. (1) Dmitri Alperovitch, research engineer at CipherTrust, a security vendor in Alpharetta (news.cnet.com, 2010) Case Study North Lanarkshire Council For our case study we chose North Lanarkshire Council, there were two reasons for this, the first being that they are a large organization with a huge computer infrastructure that would allow us to speak to a qualified IT specialist and also an end user to get both views across and the second reason being one of our team had previously worked there and was confident he would get the interviews arranged with the minimum of fuss. North Lanarkshire Council is the fourth largest local Authority in Scotland employing over 18,000 staff and serving a population of 321,000 people mainly in the following towns Airdrie, Bellshill, Coatbridge, Cumbernauld, Kilsyth, Motherwell, Shotts, Wishaw and their surrounding districts. The council is split into 5 key service areas: Finance and Customer Services incorporating all finance and IT services (including housing benefits and rebates) as well as public access via first stop shops, customer contact centre and website. Corporate Services which includes central support unit, human resources, legal services, design and property services. Environmental Services including planning and development, roads and transportation and protective services amongst others. Housing and Social Work services Learning leisure Services which includes education and community education services. The nature of this case study will dictate we concentrate on Finance and Customer Services, and in particular the government and development division which includes the IT function within the council and we will get a flavour as to how it protects its end users from Virus and Phishing attacks. The finance department has many functions and these include council tax, purchasing and debtors, housing benefits and rebates and as you can see there is much personal and financial data to be protected within even this small selection of councils services. If we add in the data that the social work also has to protect then we can see the security has to be comprehensive. We will now take a look at the interviews. Interviews overview We had chosen to contact North Lanarkshire Council to see if it was possible to interview 2 of their employees for the project. We decided to contact Alex Mitchell, Assistant Service Delivery Manager, as one of our team had already worked quite closely with him in the past when he worked for the North Lanarkshire Council IT Department. Alex agreed in principle and asked we email him 2 sets of questions one aimed at the end user and the other aimed at someone who would be more aware of the security measures in place from the IT section. He duly replied and said that the head of IT Security, Kenny Yates would be happy to meet for an interview and also gave us the name of an end user, namely a Lesley Bone who was happy to answer the end user questions. Due to adverse weather conditions it became very difficult to arrange the interviews and in the end Lesley emailed her answers to us and we carried out a telephone interview with Kenny. Happily, they were both fairly frank and gave a good indication of how the council deals with computer security and how it protects the end user. As was said earlier there were 2 sets of questions as some questions were asked to both people and others didnt make sense to ask the individual concerned so were more tailored as to an end user or the more technical question. The results were as follows. Lesley showed that as an end user she had an awareness of threats and had security in place in the house but was very vague as to what to do if she was affected by one and it seemed to be apparent that when given these questions she realized that maybe security is something she should look into and give more thought to in general. Kenny on the other hand gave us a great insight as to how difficult a job it is to protect an organisation such as NLC. He showed that it was not just down to the councils duty of care to its employees to protect them and the data they hold but there are many legal requirements some of which also get audited that have to be followed and can result in fines and removal from government secure networks if that audit is failed. He also said that awareness training is now taking place and this seemed to tie in as Lesley had said she had received no specific training as such but there had been a responsible use policy available for a long time. The main issues for the council as Kenny sees as the growth of remote and home working and as users have more scope to use unauthorized equipment on council networks and he also said naivety is the main cause of infection in council equipment. Finally when asked what was the main threats he said that spam and email type worm viruses are the main concern and social engineering techniques are getting more sophisticated but the main threat was could be lack of investment due to recent cutbacks and this could leave the council open to attack. The full interviews can be read. See appendices. Conclusion We were asked to comment and discuss the following statement It is up to end-users to protect themselves sufficiently from threats such as viruses and phishing they are responsible, naivety is not an excuse. And here is the conclusion our team has come up with. Firstly the user has a degree of responsibility, a home user especially must at least have the awareness that these threats exist, what they are, what they do and must know and carry out the minimum steps to protect themselves by at least installing a full security suite on all pcs and also making sure that anyone with internet access has the same awareness. Also they should be wary as to who has access and should protect their computers and wireless devices with a secure password. There is also a lot going on in the background that the end user is not aware of and this is also helping to protect them from threats, from working groups, the law and government acts and even their banks and retailers to their Internet service Provider and the security software writers. They are all working hard to minimize the effects of virus and phishing. In an organisation it is much different and the end user has very little to do to protect themselves as we saw in the interviews. That job is taken on by the IT department and it is a very difficult job to protect an organisation. Due to legal obligations there has to be very tight security, especially in organisations like the one we looked at North Lanarkshire Council and surprisingly it turned out that the main source of protection turned out to be the amount of investment made in it and keeping up to date as everything moves so fast in the IT world and if the organisations dont keep up they will get caught out. Finally is naivety an excuse, the answer has to be a resounding no, it appears to be one of the main causes of infection and more so it is also the main tool of the people who write the virus or use their social engineering tools in the phishing attacks. Bibliography Alexey, K. (2010, 04 19). WorldComputer virus traps over 2,000 tourists on Russian-Chinese border. Retrieved from rianovosti: http://en.rian.ru/world/20100419/158646482.html allspammedup. (n.d.). allspammedup. Retrieved from allspammedup: http://www.allspammedup.com/2009/02/history-of-phishing/ antiviruswear.com. (2010). antivirus. Retrieved from antivirus: http://www.antivirusware.com/articles/history-computer-viruses.html news.cnet.com. (2010). news.cnet.com. Retrieved from news.cnet.com: http://news.cnet.com/ISPs-versus-the-zombies/2100-7349_3-5793719.html#ixzz16FkK89Lv Simson, G. (2002). web security,privacy and commerce. cambridge: o,reilly. spamlaws.com. (2009). spamlaws. Retrieved from spamlaws: http://www.spamlaws.com/virus-comtypes.html Stuart, M. (2009). hacking exposed 6. new york: mcgraw.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
History of Trinidad Essay -- Essays Papers
History of Trinidad The history of Trinidad began far before Columbus landed on the island. Before any Spanish lived on the island, it was inhabited by two indigenous tribes. The Arawaks lived in the southern region of the island. The Caribs, who were regarded as a much more violent and vicious than the Arawaks, lived in the north. The Caribs are described as â€Å"warlike†people and for this reason they were able to withstand more of chance fighting the Spanish conquerors, though not enough. The recorded history of the island begins with Columbus' landing in July 31, 1498. The island was appropriately named Trinidad after the Holy Trinity. Spain showed little interest in the new territory until about 1530 when Antonio Sedeno was named Captain-General of the island for life. This mission did not last as many suspected, Sedeno returned back to Spain within four years after not being able to tame and civilize the natives. Donimgo de Vera in St. Joseph established the first permanent settlement in 1592 in St. Joseph. Over the next two centuries more attempts at colonization were made but with little success. This all culminated in 1699 with the Arena Massacre, in which the natives killed the Spanish governor and all but one of his men and all of the priests. This kept people weary of the island and it's people until the end of the 18th century. True colonization was not until the Cedula of Population was established in 1783. This document was designed to draw people of ot...
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Corrosiveness of Soda Essay
Soft drinks, also called as sodas, are one of the most popular beverages that are drunk worldwide. Several brands of sodas, mainly from the brands The Coca-Cola Company, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper-Snapple, are competing in their sales. As of 2012, the leading brand of food beverages is Coca-Cola. Statistics show that more than a billion Coca-Cola products are consumed daily worldwide. That means that we are consuming more sodas than ever before, and many health issues are showing up, including teeth problems. Soft drinks can be found almost everywhere, from sari-sari stores, canteens, stalls, groceries, restaurants, and other places. The average capita consumption of sodas in the Philippines is seven liters per day, which is alarming. Most soft drinks contain high sugar content, as a typical 12-ounce can of soda contains 9 to twelve teaspoons of sugar. Sugar has been shown to suppress the immune system and has been linked to cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypoglycemia, gout, kidney hypertrophy, retinopathy, obesity, hyperactivity, learning disability, viral, bacterial, fungal, and yeast infections, peptic ulcer, hiatal hernias, gallstones, Crohn’s disease, shortened life span, and depression. Sodas also provide empty calories, and that is also not a good point in drinking it. These are calories that enter your bloodstream without even providing vitamins, minerals, or proteins that you need for your health. Also, most brands of soda pop are sweetened with high fructose corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to be more very harmful than sugar. As much as we are more concerned of sugar content and the empty calories that soft drinks have, we must also consider the acidity of it. The corrosiveness of soda is ten times that of fruit juices, as they have this certain ingredient, called phosphoric acid. The phosphoric acids in sodas are used as an acidifying agent to give the sodas their tangy flavor. A latest research in the Academy of General Dentistry even states that this acid reports that drinking any type of soft drink hurts teeth due to the phosphoric/ and or citric acid in the beverages. Although phosphorus is also important to the body, imbalance in phosphorus to calcium in your bones can cause your body to break down calcium from your bones and release it to your blood to balance acidity. Not only does it affect your bones, it also causes teeth to rot and turn yellow, and can also result to digestive problems. Phosphoric acids in high concentrations are actually used for rust removal, which makes it all the more dangerous to intake. People have been drinking lots of soft drinks each day. We see them buying it from stores everywhere, and they drink it to â€Å"quench their thirst†, instead of just drinking plain water. Drinking water is always the best option in quenching thirst than soft drinks. The average capita consumption of sodas in the Philippines is seven liters per day per person. Seven liters per day per person is quite a shock, because sodas are not supposed to be taken in large amounts, let alone drinking it each day. So that means that if you don’t drink in a day or two, others might be taking twice or thrice the amount of the sodas that you do not drink. Many people just consider the sugar content, and some even believe soft drinks to be harmless. But prolonged exposure to sodas lead to significant tooth enamel loss, a study from the Academy of General Dentistry showed. This proves that we must be careful in drinking soft drinks, even if we do not let the soft drinks stuck inside our mouths. The corrosive effect of sodas start nearly immediately, and it increases within time. Sodas that are dark-colored are the most corrosive. As much as you see the effect that they did to the coins, the effect would be far greater to our teeth, as they corroded tarnish easily. The phosphoric acid content, added by the sugars of these sodas is the root cause of the erosion of tooth enamels. The soda that removes the tarnish the fastest is the most corrosive and dangerous to people’s teeth enamels.
Friday, November 8, 2019
A Joy that Killed essays
A Joy that Killed essays A Joy that Kills (1) was the given diagnosis for Mrs. Mallards death. But was it the joy of seeing her dead husband alive, or from another joy? A Joy that no one could have suspected or even guessed; or was it a joy that came only from finally being free. The Story of an Hour is a short essay that describes what Mrs. Mallard goes through when she finds out her husband has been killed in a train accident, and soon thereafter dies herself of an apparent joy. It is then left up to us to determine what we believe to be the real cause of her death. When Mrs. Mallard first receives the news of her husbands death, sadness takes over her body as, she wept at once with sudden wild abandonment.(2) Only after heading upstairs to her room to be alone did she slowly but surely realize that her body and soul were now free. Despite the loss of her husband, she is over-come with a happiness and rejuvenation at the prospect of being free after so many years. Mrs. Mallard saw beyond that bitter moment, a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to welcome them in.(3) In a sense she feels like a bird that has just been let out of its cage after years of captivity. After a while, she heads back down stairs to talk with Richards, the man that brought the news of her husbands death. As soon as she reaches the bottom of the stairs, Mr. Mallard walks in looking a little travel-stained. He had been far from the scene of the accident, and did not even know there had been one. ( 4) The shock of seeing her supposedly dead husband alive causes her to have a heart attack and die. Mrs. Mallard plays a character that has to deal with very serious emotions. Her emotional state goes from one end of the spectrum to the other in only an hour. At first it seems that she dies bec ...
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
Free Essays on Rising Tide
In the book, â€Å"Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How it Changed America, â€Å" shows many different aspects of engineers and their lives. The stories that are told help the reader to better understand the practice of civil engineering. During the time period of the story, there are two engineers who contribute to a main part in controlling the Mississippi River, Eads and Humphreys. As the two race and compete to see who can better the Mississippi River, many important details about civil engineering come about. The author explains how a river flows and floods in way that most can understand. He helps show ways to help prevent flooding on the Mississippi. Eads and Humphreys are always striving to out do one another and in doing so comes many ideas to better the river. A levee is one in particular that is spoken of quite often. The â€Å"levees only†policy was debated between these two engineers. This policy discussed how a system of levees wou ld control floodwaters not only by damming the banks but also by increasing the velocity of the river’s flow and its tendency to scour the bottom. The theory provided that when the river is flooded, it could be made to dig its own channel out. This was not the only idea expressed by the engineers. Another was the idea of producing outlets and reservoirs. With outlets and reservoirs, the water level of the river would stay below a flood range. Another idea discussed is a system of jetties. The jetties would help increase the speed of the current even at low water. These ideas all help to teach the reader what civil engineers may attempt to better a river with potential to flood. With all of these ideas being pursued, not all would have the chance to use them. Those who were more powerful got the chance to actually take a stab at their proposals while others were left behind. Humphreys had power because he went to a U.S. Military Academy, which was made possible by his ... Free Essays on Rising Tide Free Essays on Rising Tide In the book, â€Å"Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How it Changed America, â€Å" shows many different aspects of engineers and their lives. The stories that are told help the reader to better understand the practice of civil engineering. During the time period of the story, there are two engineers who contribute to a main part in controlling the Mississippi River, Eads and Humphreys. As the two race and compete to see who can better the Mississippi River, many important details about civil engineering come about. The author explains how a river flows and floods in way that most can understand. He helps show ways to help prevent flooding on the Mississippi. Eads and Humphreys are always striving to out do one another and in doing so comes many ideas to better the river. A levee is one in particular that is spoken of quite often. The â€Å"levees only†policy was debated between these two engineers. This policy discussed how a system of levees wou ld control floodwaters not only by damming the banks but also by increasing the velocity of the river’s flow and its tendency to scour the bottom. The theory provided that when the river is flooded, it could be made to dig its own channel out. This was not the only idea expressed by the engineers. Another was the idea of producing outlets and reservoirs. With outlets and reservoirs, the water level of the river would stay below a flood range. Another idea discussed is a system of jetties. The jetties would help increase the speed of the current even at low water. These ideas all help to teach the reader what civil engineers may attempt to better a river with potential to flood. With all of these ideas being pursued, not all would have the chance to use them. Those who were more powerful got the chance to actually take a stab at their proposals while others were left behind. Humphreys had power because he went to a U.S. Military Academy, which was made possible by his ...
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Grammatical Features of Definiteness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Grammatical Features of Definiteness - Essay Example Secondly, numbers which occur in plural and singular. Lastly, the gender Category, They usually take values such as the masculine, feminine and the neuter (Smith, Teschner and Evans, 1994). Frequently grammatical categories are usually misunderstood with lexical categories. This Are nearly the same as parts of speech like the nouns, verbs and the adjectives. Categories may be brought about and referred to according to meanings they portray. For example the category of tense(s) usually show time in which activities took place for example, did a certain action occur in the present (now), past (a time before) or future (a time to come).They may be structured in words by use of inflection (a change in the number of words a word that reflects a change in grammatical function, Oxford Dictionary.) In the English grammar, the number noun is always leaving the noun without inflicting it, this is if it’s singular. For words which are in plural, the suffix-s is added. This not the case w ith all plurals, because some nouns have irregular plurals. On the other hand, a category may not be marked on the item to which it pertains. They are shown only through other features in grammar of a sentence. Always they are shown through agreements in grammar. A good example to illustrate the above point would be: The number of nouns may not be marked on the noun itself if the noun does not inflect as in the regular pattern. Instead they are shown in the agreement between the noun and the verb. Singular nouns usually use ‘is’ while plural nouns take are. For example: In this case the noun sheep does not inflect according to regular patterns. In other cases the number can be reflected both in the noun and also by the agreement of the verb (Smith, Teschner and Evans, 1994). For example; However, where a number of nouns or verbs are not manifested anywhere in the surface form of a sentence.
Friday, November 1, 2019
The Criticisms of The Friedan Mystique Article Essay
The Criticisms of The Friedan Mystique Article - Essay Example The difficulties that Betty Friedan saw women facing were most likely enough to let her realize that any revolution that would take place in women’s favor would do so at a slow and painstaking pace. Therefore, Friedan might have predicted that at some point during the change, women’s advances would not be commonplace. It might very well have been known to her that during the revolution, women’s wages as compared to men’s would rise to equalityâ€â€not overnight, but gradually. Friedan’s idea was to grant women the wide variety of choices that men had. It was not to be conceived that women should abandon child-bearing and rear altogether and launch out into the business world without concern for family and the perpetuation (or at least prolongation) of the human race. Her goal was to grant women the choice and opportunity to pursue business should they have that desire. In light of this, it would seem that Betty Friedan would have known that some women might consciously choose to remain in the homes, bear and rear children, and take care of their husbands. Certainly, at the time that she lived and wrote, while some women seemed eager and were clamoring for equality, others seemed quite satisfied with their domestic lot. Some were even critical of the women who wanted the choice to become educated and actually use that education in the corporate and professional world. The existence of these phenomena would have made it possible for Friedan to predict the criticisms of feminism made in â€Å"The Friedan Mystique.â€
Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Leadership comentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Leadership comentary - Essay Example In this essay, I will discuss on understanding empathy, which is the leadership skill that I have obtained during my practice. In this discussion, I will use a reflective model to show how understanding empathy is achieved during my practice. Gibbs reflective model is what I will use (Gibbs, 1988). This reflection model has six stages: description of the events, expressing feelings, evaluating the value and ability, analysis of how bad or good the situation is, conclusion on the findings, and lastly making an action plan (Gibbs, 1988). In this essay, I will apply Gibbs reflective model to help in relating theory and critical thought to nursing practice as it may allow. Leadership role and the evidence base for the leadership skill will be included in the discussion. I will then give a conclusion to the essay that will talk about my reflection skills, recognize my qualification and present both my personal and professional development (Fradd, 2004). Understanding empathy is the skill of leadership which I have chosen to deal with in this essay. I have chosen this as it is one of the quality that is needed in this field. In my first placement, I got myself to a situation where empathy was really needed. Understanding others in the personal level that is ‘being in their shoes’ was really needed in my first placement. This gave me a sense of curiosity and I wanted to learn and know more about empathy. At this point, I started researching on the skill and my knowledge developed. Power, influence and authority are basic for leadership. However, competent leaders ought to use less power and authority and rather use more influence. Furthermore, motivation, appreciation and persuasion are more important than a simple show of power. Nurse leaders should employ three main influence categories in creating a supportive care environment. These include mentoring by instruction, modeling by example and building caring relationships (Chin, 2008). Descript ion of events is the initial stage of Gibbs (1988) model. I had to look after a 60 year old male patient with primary diagnosis Cancer Rectum day 14 post-op in a surgical ward. The patient had difficulties with his speaking but could understand little English. I have learned that even when under pressure, l don’t have to rush through the patient (l had to look after 3 other patients). Misunderstanding and miscommunication result in not giving effective care to patients. I used eye contact and body language in order to meet his needs. The patient was friendly and responded well, which boosted my confidence especially on mobilizing him using therapeutic communication skills. In order to communicate effectively with the patient, I had to be patient and learn new communication skills that are; gestures and body language (D'Antonio, 2010; Marquis & Huston, 2009). The second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection involves discussion about feelings and thoughts. I was aware that I had to do a good job and that the patients were my responsibility. Therefore, the difficulty in communication got me nervous and worried. This made me feel a lot of pressure, as I did not want the patient to know that I had difficulties in communicating with him. This got me worried about how the nursing training programme can incorporate such lessons. The friendly and respo
Monday, October 28, 2019
Dickinson and William Cullen Bryant, Contemplation of Death Essay Example for Free
Dickinson and William Cullen Bryant, Contemplation of Death Essay Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the world paid witness to an intellectual and philosophical revolution that forever changed the perception of life itself. The Great Awakening caused people to become more in tune with their spiritual self, and the Great Enlightenment caused people to question, to think, and to pursue the unknown. This new wave of thinking, helped writers of the Romantic and Transcendent era, such as William Cullen Bryant, and Emily Dickinson, express their feelings of life. Thanatopsis†, by William Cullen Bryant, and â€Å"Because I could Not Stop for Death†, by Emily Dickinson, both exemplify the indisputable facts, that death is an inevitable, natural part of life, and there is no reason to be afraid of death. Even though the two poems both share the same underlying themes, they are presented in different ways. William Cullen Bryant and Emily Dickinson both perpetuated their belief that death is inevitable, but in very different ways. In â€Å"Thanatopsis†, by William Cullen Bryant, he expresses that death inevitable, by explaining that eventually, everyone dies, and that it is essentially part of a â€Å"life cycle†. Death is inevitable no matter whom you are, and everyone will die. He accentuates this idea when he says, â€Å"Thou shalt lie down with patriarchs of the infant world – with kings, the powerful of the earth, the wise the good †(Lines 33- 35). Cullen uses this line to say that no matter who you are, everyone has the same fate. We all end up the same, as he says in lines 25-28, â€Å"Thine individual being, shalt though go, to mix forever with the elements, to be a brother of the insensible rock†. Dickinson, however, presents her belief that death is natural in a completely different way. Dickinson believed that death was a part of the cycle of death. In lines 9-12, Dickinson stated, â€Å"We passed the School, where Children strove, at Recess- in the Ring – We passed the Fields of Grazing Grain – We passed the setting sun†. These lines are metaphors for the stages of life, from childhood to maturity to old age and then death. Dickinson presented those metaphors, to say that her â€Å"carriage ride with death†, was just another stage. We all are once young, we all will grow, and we will all die. Another difference between the two authors expressing that life is inevitable is that Bryant simply believes â€Å"shalt though go mix forever with the elements†, while Dickinson believes, â€Å"Were toward eternity†. Bryant believes that death is final, and Dickinson is perhaps more religious, and believes that there is still life after death. Even though William Cullen Bryant and Dickinson got their point across in different ways, they both were able to express their belief that death is certain. Even though Bryant and Dickinson have very different writing styles, they both further accentuate their belief that death is inevitable by writing about how life is short. Bryant writes about how life is short in lines 17-20 when he says, â€Å"Yet a few days, and thee all beholding sun shall see now more†. This means that in just a short amount of time, you will no longer be here, your life will end, and your â€Å"sun†will burn out, ceasing to exist. There is no way around it. Dickinson is able to express this idea, in a completely different way. From lines 14- 16 Dickinson said, â€Å" The Dews drew quivering and chill ,For only Gossamer, my Gown , My Tippet , only Tule â€Å". When Dickinson says this, she is using her clothing to have an even deeper meaning; A Gossamer is a thin, light cloth, and â€Å"my tippet, my tule†, means that â€Å"my shawl was only a fine net cloth†. She dressed lightly, even though it was cold out, ( â€Å" the dews drew quivering and chill†) because it would not take death long to take her on the carriage ride, watching her life pass her by. Life is short, and death is inevitable. The carriage ride throughout her life will come to an end, which is why she did not dress properly. Although Bryant and Dickinson have very different writing styles, they are both able to express how they believe that death is inevitable by writing about how life is short. Usually, when an author writes about death, the writing is dark, and brooding. However, â€Å"Thanatopsis†, and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†, both offer solace that death is nothing to fear. William Cullen Bryant says we are to live so that when it is time for us to die; we should not fight it, but welcome it. We should not be afraid like a slave at night in a dungeon but instead we should be sustained an soothed with an unfaltering trust approaching our grave like one who wraps the covers from his bed around him and lies down to pleasant dreams, as Bryant says from lines 73 – 81, â€Å"So live, that when thy summons comes to join , The innumerable caravan, which moves , To that mysterious realm, where each shall take , His chamber in the silent halls of death, Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night, Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed, By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave , Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. â€Å" Bryant is simply saying that we should welcome death, and look forward to it, for it is nothing to fear. Dickinson is able to offer solace by personifying death from lines 1-8, â€Å" Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me, the carriage held but just ourselves, and immortality, we slowly drove, he knew no haste, and I had put away, my labor and my leisure too , for his civility. Dickinson personifies death as a kind, civil man. He waited for her, did not rush her, and he respected her. Dickinson personifies death as a gentleman; to express that death should not be feared, because there is no reason to be afraid. Although many writings about death are very dark, and pessimistic, â€Å"Thanatopsis†and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†, are both very comforting, but in very different ways. The new wave of thinking during the 19th centuries, helped Romantic and Transcendent era authors such as William Cullen Bryant, and Emily Dickinson express their thoughts of death, in a way that it had not previously been expressed. â€Å"Thanatopsis†and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death†both exemplify the same indisputable facts, that death is an inevitable, natural part of life, and there is no reason to be afraid of death. Even though the two poems both share the same underlying themes, they are presented in different ways. Bryant accentuates his belief that death is inevitable saying that eventually, we all die, no matter whether royalty, or a peasant. Dickinson is able to do this by giving a metaphor to various stages of life, which is to say, that death is just another stage. Death is part of the cycle. Bryant also pointed out that life is short, by giving an analogy to not seeing the sun any more. Dickinson did this by stating that she was underdressed for her ride passing through her life, because it was short, and she knew she would soon die, and go onwards towards eternity. Both Bryant and Dickinson offer solace about death. Bryant offers solace by saying that there is no need to worry, but that we should embrace it. Dickinson offers solace by personifying death, calling him civil, and kind, to accentuate her belief that there is nothing to fear. William Cullen Bryant and Emily Dickinson were two of the greatest writers of their time, and both wrote about the same underlying themes, but expressed them in completely different ways.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Societal and Individual Interdependency in Salingers Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers
In a perfect world, everyone would be happy with the way they are and everyone would accept the differences of others. Unfortunately, the world we live in is not perfect and not everyone accepts who they are . Is there a reason why people cannot be content with their lives or with the differences of other people? The answer is yes, and the reason for the discontent is society. With society telling the masses what is, and is not acceptable, it is no wonder that people seem â€Å"lost†, and are desperately searching out their place in the sun. This search for identity seems to be the case in JD Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Through settings in the novel and symbolism, Salinger illustrates that while the main character, Holden Caulfield, needs the support of the environment around him, the environment also needs Holden as a person. Holden Caulfield is out of place in any environment in which he is placed. At Pencey, his school, Holden gets excluded from the act ivities of his classmates. At the very beginning of the novel, Holden becomes expelled because his grades are not up to Pencey’s standards and also because he does not feel like he belongs there. Holden separates himself from his classmates for the most part by not becoming involved in the school. Although Holden is the equipment manager of the fencing team, he distances himself from his companions by losing the equipment, showing that he does not fit in, and he really does not want to. As he reflects back on his final day at Pencey he says: â€Å" They kicked me out. ...I was flunking four subjects and not applying myself at all. They gave me frequent warnings to start applying myself...but I didn’t do it†(Salinger 4). The school is throwing Holden out because he is not what they want to represent to potential students. They want to show examples of fine, upstanding young men, instead of giving off the image of the failing, confused young man. Salinger uses Pe ncey as a mock society of some sorts. Holden does not fit in at Pencey, and he most definitely does not fit in as seen in the later settings of the novel. A second example of Holden’s isolation from his classmates can also be seen when he stands alone on the top of the hill during the â€Å"big game†.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
A Report on the Link Between Management Principles, Functions and Organisation Structure
A REPORT ON THE LINK BETWEEN MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES, FUNCTIONS AND ORGANISATION STRUCTURE ESHUL RAYHAN ID 103718-86 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 FUNCTION OF PLANNING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 FUNCTION OF ORGANISING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 FUNCTION OF LEADING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ANDORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 FUNCTION OF CONTROLLING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 REFERENCE LIST†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 SUMMARY The report shows the connection between the four functions of management, Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling with the Management Principles and Organizational Structures are designed to imply the factors for the successful operation of a business organization like Marks and Spencer.Examples has been drawn to support the ideas and put light on the scenarios in the organization. INTRODUCTION The motto of the following report is to identify and highlight the connection between the management principles, functions and organizational structure. Every organization has the application of these three factors as better outcomes are achieved when they are linked together and implied. The management principles affect the management functions which have a great influence on the organizational str ucture.This report is using ‘MARKS AND SPENCER’ as an example to show how the three affect on each other. Management is the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively through other people. It includes various processes and steps which will be further discussed in the following report. There are 14 management principles as stated by Henry Fayol ( Boddy, 2005 ). Many of them are linked with the functions of management which are, Planning, Organizing, Controlling and Leading.The report is to show the relations between the three factors of the business and how are they implied. FUNCTION OF PLANNING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Planning is an essential component of management function to carry out the smooth operation of a business. It contains the property of identifying the obejectives of a business by the management team. When the plans are being made, the changes are implied immediately or according to a time sp an as required according to the current status of the business.For a successful planning, forecasting is very necessary for the management as it helps them to be prepared for the worst case scenarios and to earn more revenues as well. This very function management can be linked with one of the management principles as stated by a French business analyst named Henry Fayol, which is Unity of Direction. The author defines the principle as the combination of group of people who work together to achieve the same organizational goals and performs the activities in a definite synchronized system to achieve them with maximum efficiency.For example, if we look into a press release by Marks and Spencer during their AGM in 11th July 2011, it is seen that the Chairman and CEO of the company, Mr. Luc Vandevelde announced that the company is going to bring a significant change in their planning and thus a change in their organizational structure as well. He also announced the new planning strateg ies which will be carried out to maximize profits for the company. The plans were implied from 29th March 2001. It included the selling of their own brands only but not any other external brands anymore.This is done to reattain the fame regarding the quality of own products as customers experienced no extra facilities buying external brands from Marks and Spencer and neither the external brand companies nor Marks and Spencer could gain any outstanding revenue selling exrternal brand products. To make this come into action, the company decided to return to their own suppliers who had been supplying the very own products dedicated for the selling purpose of Marks and Spencer only. This would result to the attainment of the former business relations and strong future commitments and the uphill formation of M & S business achievements.The second plan was to close down the subsidiary companies which were making losses rather than profits M & S. For example, Brooks Brothers and Kings Supe r Market in USA were sold off as they were loss-making companies and were affecting the gross profit margin of M & S. The company also decided to close down the stores in Central Europe as it was not making profits. These plans were made and implied after research being made by the superiors of the company and the structures had been re-organized.This is where the organizational structure comes into action when the company sort out and design the strategies to overcome the difficulties and perform smooth business actions. FUNCTION OF ORGANISING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Organizing is the process of combining human, physical and financial resources to achieve organizational goals. It is important to carefully dedicate the resources to maximize profits since resources are always limited. This is synchronized with the ‘Division of Labor’ management principle by Henry Fayol.This factor of management principle is described by the author t hat the every duty of an organization is spread evenly among the employees to ease out the process of output. If we draw an example regarding M & S, its seen that the duties are segregated between the employees. The organization is structured from the Chairman to Customer Service Assistant, where, they have different tasks to complete. This results to finish and achieve goals within less time and with more efficiency as there is a saying that,’ A load of ten is a burden of one’.Each of the employee are asked to perform their own definite task which then becomes a positive outcome when made total. FUNCTION OF LEADING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Management needs to exercise the function of leading in order for the organization to achieve their goals. It is an essential part of the management as it helps the management to direct employees to focus on ‘the big picture’. Normally management focuses on increasing productivity to improve cost efficiency. To improve productivity employees need direction and motivation.The direction and motivation are usually received from superiors. This can be linked with the management principle of ‘Authority and Responsibility’ which means to have the power to order the sub-ordinates and direct them to achieving goals. For example, M & S have the supervisors who lead the Retail Operatives to fulfill the targets which are set by the Managers to the supervisors. It follows a chain of command which has the ultimate goal of maximizing profit. The chain of command starts from the highest level of authority like the Chairman and ends to the Retail Operatives’ tasks.FUNCTION OF CONTROLLING LINKING WITH MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Management must use the function of Control to maximize employee performance and stabilize the working environment. There had been always a controversy where it is widely believed that Controlling is a negati ve term because the employees regard it to be a restriction. But at the very conclusion, it helps to maintain a strict guideline which the employees must follow to avoid chaos. â€Å"Managers expect people in an organization to change their behavior in response to control†(Erven, 1994).This can be inter related with management principle of â€Å"Discipline†, which is clearly stated by Fayol that there should be certain rules which are to be followed must by the employees. When it is looked into M & S, it is apparent that the company applies a number of rules which must be obliged by the employees to create a better working environment and prevent any internal hassles within the company. Therefore, the organization has been structured in such format where certain rules are set in purpose to keep the working environment healthy and prosperous in respect to business aspects. CONCLUSIONFrom the report it is apparent that Management Functions are greatly influenced by the Management Principles based on which the organization is being structured. The achievement of organizational goals are highly affected due to the implication of these three management factors. It is fair to conclude that, for an organization to make profit and carry out its operation in long run, the application of these management factors are inevitable. REFERENCE LIST 1. Boddy, D (2005), Management Concepts and Principles, Prentice Hall 2. [Online] http://corporate. marksandspencer. com/aboutus/ourhistory, Accessed at 12/04/2011
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Calorimetry and Hess’s Law Essay
Elemental magnesium is one of the principal components of flares used to illuminate nighttime activities, or to aid in signaling one’s location to aircraft and ships. Your instructor may ignite a strip of magnesium ribbon to demonstrate the combustion of magnesium in air. It will be evident that a great deal of light energy is released from this reaction. A direct method for measuring the heat produced by this reaction would be difficult, so we shall resort to an indirect method in this experiment as discussed below. Some chemical reactions (including the one above) are associated with the evolution of thermal energy and are called exothermic reactions. When there is absorption of energy in a chemical reaction, the process is called endothermic. The magnitude of the energy change is determined by the particular reaction as well as the amount of product(s) formed. The thermal energy transferred in a balanced chemical reaction carried out at constant pressure is called the enthalpy of reaction (or heat of reaction) and is given the symbol ÃŽâ€Hrxn. ÃŽâ€Hrxn is often expressed in units of kJ/mole where mole refers to the amount of a reactant or a product involved in the reaction. In general, the reactant or product must be specified. In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy changes of several exothermic reactions utilizing a simple calorimeter. This calorimeter consists of an insulated vessel (a Styrofoam cup), a thermometer, and a lid (which is loose fitting to allow the pressure to remain constant. The energy given off by any reaction carried out in the calorimeter is absorbed by both the calorimeter and the solvent (water). This causes an increase in the temperature of the calorimeter and solvent that can be me asured by a thermometer. The heat that is absorbed by the calorimeter and solvent is calculated from the equation: qcal = C â‹… ÃŽâ€T (1) where C is the heat capacity of the calorimeter and solvent, and ÃŽâ€T is the change in temperature of the water (the solvent) in the calorimeter. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1  °C. In this experiment, the vessel and the amount of solvent remain constant, so C is a constant. Enthalpy is an extensive quantity, so the amount of heat generated by the reaction is given by the expression: qrxn = n â‹… ÃŽâ€H (2) where n is the number of moles of a specific reactant or product and ÃŽâ€H is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ/mol. Since the energy of the universe is conserved, the total energy change of the system (the reaction) and surroundings (calorimeter and solvent) is equal to zero. These relationships can be combined as shown in equation (3). qsystem + qsurroundings = qreaction + qcalorimeter = nâ‹…Îâ€H + Câ‹…Îâ€T = 0 (3) This equation can be rearranged to determine either C or ÃŽâ€H as shown in equations (4) and (5). C = − nâ‹…Îâ€H/ÃŽâ€T (4) ÃŽâ€H = − Câ‹…Îâ€T/n (5) For exothermic reactions, ÃŽâ€H < 0 and ÃŽâ€T > 0. The main experimental problem in any calorimetric measurement is obtaining an accurate value of ÃŽâ€T. The initial temperature, Ti, of the reactants can be determined directly using a thermometer. However, it is difficult to obtain a precise value for the final temperature, Tf (the instantaneous temperature when the reactants are mixed together and react), because (1) reactions do not occur instantaneously, and (2) calorimeters are not perfectly insulating, but actually allow some heat energy to slowly enter or escape from the calorimeter over time. This occurs both during the reaction and after its completion. If an exothermic reaction occurs in a hypothetical calorimeter that is perfectly insulated, all of the heat produced by the reaction will remain in the calorimeter, resulting in a constant final temperature. This would yield the same ÃŽâ€T whether or not the reaction is instantaneous. Now consider a hypothetical exothermic reaction that occurs instantaneously, but in a realistic calorimeter that is not perfectly insulated. In this case, the temperature of the calorimeter would diminish over time due to the gradual escape of heat energy to the surroundings. ï€ The â€Å"final†temperature to be used in determining ÃŽâ€T in this case is actually the maximum temperature reached immediately after reaction occurs, since this temperature change is due exclusively to the heat produced in the reaction, and no escaping of heat to the surroundings has occurred yet. For real calorimeter experiments, reactions neither occur instantaneously nor are calorimeters perfectly insulated. Thus, during an exothermic reaction the temperature of the calorimeter increases initially, but never has a chance to reach the correct maximum â€Å"final†temperature since heat is escaping to the surroundings even while the reaction is proceeding toward completion. A correction for this heat exchange is made by an extrapolation process using the temperature vs. time curve (see Figure 1). First, a plot of the temperature readings as a function of time for the reaction is generated. By extrapolating only the linear portion of the curve (e.g., the points including and after the maximum temperature) back to zero time (the time when the reactants were mixed in the calorimeter), Tf is obtained. The Tf value determined in this manner will be the temperature that the calorimeter and the solvent would have reached, had the reaction occurred instantaneously and with no heat exchange to the room. This value should be used for the calculation of change in temperature, ÃŽâ€T. Consult with your TA for specific instructions for extrapolation using Microsoft Excel. A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Mg Using Hess’s Law The calorimeter will be used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium by application of Hess’s law. Consider the following reactions: (a) H2(g) +  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ÃŽâ€Ha = − 285.84 kJ/mole (b) Mg(s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) ÃŽâ€Hb (c) Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) → MgO (s) + 2 H+ (aq) ÃŽâ€Hc By adding equations (a), (b), and (c) we obtain (d) Mg (s) +  ½ O2 (g) → MgO (s) ÃŽâ€Hrxn = ÃŽâ€Ha + ÃŽâ€Hb + ÃŽâ€Hc which represents the combustion of Mg(s). Reaction (a) represents the formation of liquid water from its constituent elements. The enthalpy change for this reaction, symbolized ÃŽâ€Ha above, is the standard heat of formation of liquid water (or ÃŽâ€Hf (H2O)) and is a known quantity. ÃŽâ€Hb and ÃŽâ€Hc will be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature rise when known masses of magnesium metal and magnesium oxide, respectively, are added to hydrochloric acid. Reaction (c) as written is an endothermic reaction. Since it is easier to perform the reverse (exothermic) reaction, the data you collect will be of opposite sign to that needed for the Hess’s law calculation for reaction (d). When data from your analysis is correctly combined with that for the known reaction (a), the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium metal can be obtained. PROCEDURE: Note: Handle the Styrofoam cups gently. They will be used by other lab sections! A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Magnesium Reaction of Magnesium Metal and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Using the graduated cylinder, add 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the empty calorimeter. Wait for a few minutes to allow the set-up to reach thermal equilibrium. 2. While waiting, determine the mass of a sample of magnesium ribbon (about 0.15 g) on the analytical balance, and then wrap it with a piece of copper wire. The copper will not react in the solution; its purpose is to prevent the magnesium from floating to the surface during the reaction. Do not wrap the magnesium too tightly or it will not react quickly enough with the HCl solution. Do not wrap the magnesium too loosely since it may escape the copper â€Å"cage†and float. 3. Using LoggerPro, start a run of 500 seconds with the temperature probe in the 1.0 M HCl in the calorimeter (with lid). 4. The magnesium/copper bundle is added to the HCl solution. Replace the lid with the thermometer in place, and begin swirling to mix. Be sure to support the temperature probe. Continue swirling and collecting data and record about 300 seconds or until the temperature starts decreasing. This will provide the linear part of the curve, and are the most important points for the extrapolation procedure. 5. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible. Place the piece of copper in the container labeled â€Å"copper waste.†B. Reaction of Magnesium Oxide and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Place 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl into a clean graduated cylinder. 2. On a top-loading balance, transfer approximately 0.7 to 0.8 g of MgO to a clean weighing boat (no need to record this mass). Next, determine the mass of the MgO and the weighing boat on the analytical balance and record the data. Transfer the MgO to the dry calorimeter. 3. On the analytical balance, record the mass of the â€Å"empty†weighing boat after the transfer and calculate the mass of MgO actually transferred to the calorimeter. 4. Record the initial temperature (Ti) of the 1.0 M HCl solution in the graduated cylinder. 5. Note the time (time = zero) and add the 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the calorimeter containing the MgO. 7-8 points after the temperature maximum. In this reaction all the MgO should react since HCl is used in excess. However, if the solid MgO is allowed to sit on the bottom or sides of the cup it will not dissolve and hence it will not react. Make sure the solution is mixed constantly but gently. (NOTE: Before discarding this solution, check to see that all of the MgO has reacted. If solid MgO remains, the results from this portion of the experiment are not accurate. If any solid is present, this portion of the experiment must be repeated.) 6. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible.
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